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Kittay,1996).Alsointhischapterheelaborateshowmetaphorsareunusual等.Ametaphorcanthereforeonlydescribepreexistingsimilarities.Itcan'tcreatesimilarities(Lakoff&,Johnson,1980:153).(如果在论文中引用同一作者的不同的着作,应加上出版年代以示区别)等等等等等等等等等

Chapter4

TheMechanismofMetaphor

等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等..

4.1Black'sInteractionTheory

4.1.1IntroductiontoInteractionTheory

InteractionTheorywasoriginatedfromI.A.Richards'theory.Inhisdefinitionhesays:"Inthesimplestformulation,whenweuseametaphorwehavetwothoughtsofdifferentthingsactivetogetherandsupportedbyasingleword,orphrase,whosemeaningisaresultantoftheirinteraction"(Richard,1998:89).Themostimportantinthisdefinitionis"twoactive等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等

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4.3TheConceptualIntegrationTheory

等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等等.

4.3.1AnIntroductiontotheConceptualIntegrationTheory

ConceptualIntegrationTheorywasproposedbyGillesFauconnierandMarkTurner等等等等等

4.3.1.1FourMentalSpaces

InBT,thebasisunitofcognitiveanizationisnotthedomainbutthementalspaces,whichareapartialandtemporaryrepresentationalstructurethatspeakersconstructwhenthinkingortalkingaboutaperceived,imagined,past,present等等等等等等

Conclusion

Thestudyofmetaphoris,inessence,thestudyofhowmetaphorworks.Itisthenucleusofmetaphorstudy.Modernscholarsdiscardtheperspectivethatmetaphorisadeviceofrhetoric,anattachmenttolanguage,andclaimthatmetaphorisofcognitionandisomnipresent,itisawayofhumanthinking.Moreover,theyholdthatmetaphorcreatessimilarityinsteadofparingtwothingswhicharebasedonthepreexistingsimilarity.Hence,themechanismofmetaphoristointerprethowsimilarityiscreated.Black'stheoryandLakoffiantheory,duetosomedefectsanddeficiencies,arenotabletogiveacleardescriptionofthecreationofsimilarity.Theyendeavortoexpoundtheappearanceofanewstructureafteranovelmetaphor,buttheyfailtodothatandresultin"isomorphism".

Themechanismofmetaphorissophisticated.Itisaresultofvariousfactors.Interacting,projectingandblendingconstitutetheprocess.ItisobviousthatBT,onthebasisofthetwoabove-mentionedtheories,focusesonsolvingtheproblemofthe"isomorphism"-structure.Toavoidmittingthesamemistakethatalltheknowledge,thefeaturesmappedfromthesourcedomainandthestructure(topology)ofthetargetdomainareinterwoven等.(Conclusion部分字数至少需要1个page

Bibliography

Belletti,A.Thecaseofunaccusatives[J].LinguisticInquiry.1988(19):1-34.

Stowell,Timothy.OriginsofPhraseStructure[D].Cambridge,Mass.:MIT,1981

Williams,E.GovernmentandBindingTheoryandtheMinimalistProgram[M].Oxford:Blackwell.1984.

黄和斌,戴秀华.从IP/CP分析法看若干英语结构[J].外国语,1999(5):25-31.

石毓智.语法的认知语义基础[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,2000.

章振邦.新编英语语法[M].上海:外语教育出版社,1997

Acknowledgements

Ihaveeternalgratitudeto等,mytutor,forhisinestimablehelpandvaluableinstruction,andtoProfessor等,forhisinsightfullectures,whichinspiremetoposethisdissertation.

IamgreatlyindebtedtoProfessor等forhisallowingmetohaveaccesstohisbookspertinenttothisdissertation.

IalsothankthosewhohelpmeincourseofthewritingandwhosenamesIcan'tlisthereonebyone.

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iii

B.A.ThesisIntroduction

B.A.ThesisChapter1AHistoricalRetrospectionofMetaphor

B.A.ThesisChapter4TheMechanismofMetaphor

B.A.ThesisConclusion

B.A.ThesisBibliography

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上空四号一行

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