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ocialandenvironmentalproblems.Thefocusofconservationobservedinthelate19thandearly20thcenturiesshiftedtoproblemsassociatedwiththedepression,suchassoilconservation.From1914to1955theUS'contributiontoworldindustrialproductionshiftedfrom38to58%(McRae,1994).Bythentherewasagrowingrecognitionoftheuseandabuseofnaturalresources.Althoughthelanguageofecologywasnotexplicitlyusedtheemergingleadersinlandscapeplanningandecologycontinuedtoexplorewaystouseecologicalprinciplestoplanning(Ndubisi,1997).Bythistimeecologywasrespondingtothesenewglobalissues.EugeneOdum'spartmentmodeladdressedecosystemsandtheirrelationshipswithhumanhabitatsandfunctions,thusestablishinganewecologicalmodelthatfullyintegratedhumanactivities,inmarkedcontrastwiththetraditional,essentiallybiocentricapproachesofecologists.Landscapeecology,anewbranchofecology,emergedinEuropeinthe1960swithNeef(1963)andTroll(1968).AccordingtoFormanandGodron(1986),landscapeecologyfocuseson(a)thedistributionpatternsoflandscapeelementsorecosystems.(2)Theflowsofanimals,plants,energy,mineralnutrients,andwateracrosstheseelements.And(3)theecologicalchangesinthelandscapemosaicovertime(Numata,1995).Theydefinedthreefundamentallandscapestructuralelements:patches,corridors,andthematrixthattogetherconstitutethewidelyaccepted"PatchCorridorMatrixmodel"(Forman,1995).

Landscapeecologyintroducedseveralaspectsthatwereimportantforplanning.Onefundamentalaspectwasitsexplicitattentiontothespatialdimensionofecologicalprocesses,thusprovidingamonlanguageforstrongerinteractionsbetweenecologistsandplanners.Verticalrelationships(topology)wereintegratedwithhorizontalrelationships(chorology).

Thefocusonreciprocalpatternandprocessrelationshipsofferedtheoryandempiricalevidencewithwhichtounderstandandparedifferentspatialconfigurationsoflandcover(Forman,1995),andenabledtheecologicalconsequencesofaplan'sspatialconfigurationstobeanticipated.Theusesofmetricstosupportthisunderstandinghavebeenlimitedtoscientificresearch.Fewapplicationsofmetricsinplanninghaveoccurred.Wemaintainthatthisisduetouncertainlyaboutwhichmetric(s)toapply,andhowtointerprettheresultsforplanning.Asecondfundamentalaspectwaslandscapeecology'sfocusonhumanecology,anditsorientationtowardsplanningandmanagement,asopposedtomoretraditionalbiocentricecologicalapproaches.Humanactivitieswereexplicitlyconsideredpartofthesystems,notasaseparateponent.Athirdaspectadoptedthelandscapeasitsprincipleunitofstudy.Togetherwithasystemic,holisticapproach,thistransdisciplinaryscienceenabledanintegratedanalysisoftheplexhumanmadelandscapesthatwerefastbeingdominantworldwide.Thebioticponentisnolongerstudiedwiththesingle(andmostworthy)purposeofacquiring(ecological)knowledge,butalsotoprovideforbetterinsightsabouthumanandnaturalsystemstosupportplanningforsustainableuse.

城市学院计算分院毕业论文Abstract

浙江大学城市学院毕业论文文献综述

浙江大学城市学院毕业论文参考文献

城市学院计算分院毕业论文Abstract

浙江大学城市学院毕业论文外文翻译

城市滨水景观的历史衍变

研究内容

国内滨水景观发展

国外滨水景观发展

提出问题

研究的目标与意义

城市滨水区线性景观的综合价值及特征