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on.Manyscientistsbelievethatpromotingsustainabilityistheoverarchinggoaloflandscape(andregional)planningincludingplanningforconservation,protectionandappropriateuseoflandandnaturalresources.Tosomesustainabilityisthemajorobjectiveofanyplanning.Sustainabilityismultidimensional,involvingthemaintenanceofnaturalresourcesandspatialpatternsoflandusethatareecologically,socially,andeconomicallybeneficial.Itsspatialdimensionisstronglyrelatedtotheinterdependenceoflanduses,andtospatialprocessessuchasfragmentation.

Sustainablelandscapeplanningplacesphysicalplanninginabroaderperspective.Weincludeland(re)developmenttoconsidertheimprovementofecologicalconditionsforplannedlanduses.Wealsoincludelandmanagementbyadoptingadaptivemanagementtechniquesthatapplymonitoringasanimportantpartofasustainablelandscapeplanningprocess.

Scaleisakeyissueinsustainabilityplanning.Duetotheinterdependenciesofecosystems,aplanningapproachisneededthatexaminesasiteinitsbroadercontext.Thelandscapeprovidesanappropriatelyusefulcontextforsustainableplanning,littleliteratureonsustainabilityexistsatthelandscapeandregionalscales.Yetthesescalesmaybethemostimportantforattainingsustainability.Manypublicandprivateconservationandlandmanagementanizationsnowviewalandscapeperspectiveasessentialforsoundresourcemanagement.

Sustainableecologicallybasedapproachestoplanningandmanagementaredesirable,andtheirapplicationiswidelyadvocated.Sustainabilityasatheoreticalaimischallengedbyvirtuallynoone,yetproblemsandquestionsarisewithitsimplementation(Cena,1999).Appropriatetoolsareneededtoapplysustainableprinciplestoplanningandmanagement.Landscapeecologicalconceptsandappliedmetricsarelikelytobeusefultoaddressthespatialdimensionofsustainableplanning.Inresponsetothisneedweproposeaconceptualframeworkforsustainablelandscapeplanninganddesigntoframetheoperationalobjective:"why,where,how,andwhichlandscapeecologicalconceptsandmetricsshouldbeappliedinplanning."

2.Historicaloverviewoftheroleofecologyinplanning

Ecologyandplanninghavemanymoninterests,ecologyconcernedwiththefunctioningofresources,planningfocusingontheirappropriateuseforhuman'sbenefit.AccordingtoBooth(1984)sound(shortandlongterm)planningcannotbeachievedwithoutdueconsiderationtoecology.However,planningwasslowtoadoptecologicalprinciples,itstrajectoryreflectingsociety'sprioritiesandhowtheychangedmainlyinthe19thand20thcenturies.Existingtheoryandmethodologicalframeworksinecologicallyorientedlandplanningandmanagementthatweredevelopedinthelasttwocenturiesinformourproposedframework.Historicallyandtheoreticallythesedidnotevolveindependently.Rather,theycoevolved,influencingoneanotherand,inmanycases,buildingontheframeworksthatprecededthem:landscapeplanning,environmentalimpactassessment(EIA),landscapeecology,ecosystemmanagement,environmentalsystemsbasedruralplanningandlandscapeecologicalplanning.Inordertoclarifytheoriginofthefundamentalpremisesofourmetho

关于可持续发展相关论文范文集dologicalproposal,andtoidentifysharedgoalsandissueswithpriorwork,wewillbrieflydescribehowplanningandecologybecameintegratedandhowthetheoriesreferencedearlierfitintothisevolution.Webelievethatsustainablelandscapeplanningemergesasanaturalouteoftheevolutionoftheplanningdisciplineintothe21stcenturywherenewsocialvalues,suchasthekeyconceptsofsustainability(solidaritybetweenpresentandfuturegenerations,andtheneedtobalancedevelopmentwithnature),areincreasinglybeingrecognizedandembeddedintoplanningmethodsandlegislation.

Explicitlyorimplicitly,ecologywasalreadypresentinlandscapeplanninginthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyintheworkofthelandscapearchitectandplannerFrederickLawOlmsted,"pathfinder"fortheplanningprofessionintheUS(Fabos,1995).TheassociationbetweenplanningandecologywasreflectedalsoinEuropeintheworkofPatrickGeddes,abotanistandaplannerfromScotland,andtheprogenitorofmoderntownplanning(Booth,1984).HoweversinceGeddesanduntilthe1960stheplaceofecologyinplanningdeclinedforthreeprinciplereasons.(1)Changingsocialattitudesinthepostwarperiod.(2)Organizationofpressuregroups,suchasforesters,industrialists,etc.Thatshapedpublicopinion.And(3)amisconceptionaboutecology,interpretedasbeingequivalentonlytoconservation(Booth,1984).

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Inthepostwarperiod,namelyinthe1940sand1950sUKplannersweremoreconcernedwithmanagingurbansprawlandwithlessinterestedinruralplanningandwiththeconservationofnaturalresources.Thesharedassumptionwasthattherewasnoneedforecological,i.e.environmentalconcernssincethetraditionalruralpracticeswouldnotconflictwithotherinterestssuchasconservation,recreation,etc.Sincethenshiftsinplanningobjectivesrangedfrompublichealth(e.g.planningforurbanworksofsanitarysewers),engineeringconsiderations,sociologicalandeconomics,toenvironmentalqualityinthe1970sand1980s(RobertsandRoberts,1984).IntheUS,theGreatDepressionofthe1930swascharacterizedbychroniceconomic,s

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