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eflectionoftheobjectiveworld."Thoughtisaintrinsicprocessofhumanbrainsinunderstandingandmemorizingthephysicalaswellasnon-physicalworldthatwelivein,andisaspecialanicfunctionofthebrain.Thecloseinterrelationbetweenlanguageandthoughtfurtherdenotesthelinguisticdifferencesbetweendifferentnationsastherealizationoftheirthinkingmodesorconceptualmodes.Thereforedifferentlanguagesofdifferentnationscanwellexplaintheirdifferentthinkingmodes.AsFuLeionceputit,"等theEasternersareessentiallydifferentfromtheWesternersintheirthinkingmodes.TheEasternerstendtobegeneral,inductive,implicitanddenotativewhiletheWesternersaremoreanalytic,intricateanddetailedanddescriptive.Thetwomentalitiescanhardlybebined.(FuLei:xxx,521).Inthissense,translationbetweenEnglishandChineseisapparentlyalinguistictransitionbutessentiallymentaltransferringbetweentwothinkingmodes.Toomuchpracticehaveprovedthatsuchtransferringofthinkingmodesarenotonlynecessaryandapplicablebutalsoanefficientmeanstopursuequalitytranslation.

Sofarmuchhasbeendoneandsaidontheinterrelationshipbetweenlanguageandmodesofthought(orconceptualpatterns,aspreferredinthepresentthesis).ThemostoutstandingisSapir-Whorfhypothesis.Muchcriticizedthough,thehypothesisismoretrustworthyinthatitoffersanewinsightintotheinterrelationshipbetweenlanguageandthought.Itsstrongversion,theso-called"languagerelativity",holdsthatlanguagehasdeterminingeffectsonmodesofthought,whichisformedrelativelytolanguagesanddifferentlanguageswillbringondifferentthinkingpatterns(ZhaoXia&,XuRuifeng:xxx,35)isstillmoreoftenthannotatopicofdebateinthelinguisticmunitywhichconvincinglyprovesitsmarking-stonesignificanceinlanguagestudy.(2004,xxx)

differencesamongscholars'attitudesorclassificationofthethinkingpatternsbetweenthetwonationsarenotessentiallydiversifiedbutratherlieinthedegreeofdetailedtypology.Actually,theissuecanbeapproachedandconsideredfromvariousviewpoints.Herearebutafewinstancesforillustration.

3.1DifferencesBetweenChineseandEnglishThinkingPatterns

3.1.1VisualThinkingvs.RationalThinking,

Thevisualizedthinkingmode,orempiricalsynthesizesthinkingpatternasZhengYanhong(ZhengYanhong,2003,xx)putsit,establishestheessentialdifferencebetweentheChineseandtheEnglishnationwhofavorstherationalanalyticthinkingmodes.TheChineseisperceptualintheirprehensivethought,buttheEnglishandotherWesternnationslayhavedevelopedtheirownrationalandanalyticthinkingmodes.Intheempiricalprehensivethinking,thehumanandthenature(includingsociety)areconsideredasananicwhole,withthe"beautygathers"(ortheunionofheavenandhuman)asitsbasiccharacteristic.Thedoctrineof"yinandyangasone"(or"masculineandfeminineelementsinonebody")intheChinesephilosophy,notdenyingtheoppositionthough,laysgreateremphasisontheaspectofunity.ButtheseparationofGodandhuman(ortheisolationoftheheavenlyfromtheearthly)intheEnglishandtheWesternersphilosophystressestheoppositionaspectthoughnotobviouslydenyingtheunity.Suchdifferencehasbeentypicalofthetwodifferentthinkingmodes.TheChinesestressesthewholeandabstract,andtheWesternersstresstheponentsandthespecific,theChinesefavorssynthesiswhilethewesternersanalysis.Forinstance,whentalkingabouttime,theChinesealwaysstartfromgeneralunitsandmoveontosmallerunits,buttheEnglishisopposite,andthisisalsotrueoftheirexpressionoflocations.Evenintheiracquaintanceintroduction,theChinesewouldlistthetitles(whole)first(fromthehighertothelower)beforereferringtothespecificnames(individual),buttheEnglishwouldannouncethespecificnamefirst(individual),thenlistasuccessionofdutiesfromthelowertothehigher.

Thewesterners,esp.theEnglish,havebeenaccustomedtofuzzythinkingsincetheancientagesunderthephilosophicaldoctrinesoftheancientGreekandRomanthinkers.Insuchphilosophicalconcept,logicandformaltestimonyisthechiefconcernandconcepts,judgmentandreasoningdominatethethinkingproceduresandthusgreatemphasishasbeenlaidontheobscurereflectionontheworldaroundus.That'swhyvariousconcepts,methodsandprinciplesaboundinwesternphilosophyandessays.

TheChinese,ontheotherhand,seemmorefavoriteofconcreteimagesandtendtoreflectontheworldfromtheviewpointofspecificobjects.Theywouldratherdescribetheobjectstogeneralizedprinciplesandinspirations.ThattogreatextentaccountsfortheimagethinkingmodesoftheChinese.E.g.

S1a.Butthisveryformulationisindicativeoftheunderstandingattitude.

S1b.但这一说法本身就清楚地表明了其基本态度.

S2a.Hiswearinessandincreasingheatdeterminedhimtositdowninthefirstconvenientshade.

S2b.他疲惫不堪,天气也越来越炎热,于是他下定决心一碰到舒适的阴凉处就坐下休息.

S3a.Shortnessoftimehasrequiredtheomissionofsomecountries.

S3b.由于时间不够,他取消了对某些国家的访问.

IntheabovespecimenofS1a,S2aandS3a,,thesubjectsarenotanypersonorobjectbutrathersomestateorconceptsalthoughthesentencesaremoreperson-oriented.YetintheChineseversion,thepersonsconcernedareusedasthesubjectstodirectlyrevealthespeaker'sconcern.

Evenwhen

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