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guages."炒"----stir-fry,"预备党员"----probationerpartymember,"hightable"-----大宴会中高出其他桌子的餐桌,hillbilly----美国南部山区的人,etc,arejustafew.Allthesearehardlydirectlytranslatableandneedtobeexplainedwithsomeadditionalexplanationastheyarenotdirectlyavailableinthetargetlanguage(TL).Englishwordformationtakesvariousformssuchasaffixation,poundingandconversion,blending,clippingacronyms,backformationandadoptionfrompropernouns.ButChinesewords(characters)neverexperiencesuchformationprocess.Theirgrammaticalfunctionsandmeaningsaredecidedbytheirrelationswithotherwords(characters)intheircontextandarethusmoreflexibleandcontext-dominated.InEnglish,wehave"we,our,us,ours"and"I,my,me,mine"forthefirstpersonal,butinChinesewehaveonlyoneword(character)"我"(wo3,Iorme)andbyaddinganotherword"的"(de4,of)wegetthephrase"我的"(wo3de,myormine)toindicatethepossessiverelationshiporadding"们"(men2,pluralformforallnouns,esp.personalpronouns)toget"我们"(wo3men2,weorus)forthepluralformof"我"andwecangetanotherphrase"我们的"byaddingbothwords"们"and"的"after"我"togetthepluralpossessiveformoftheword"我".ThisimpliesthattheChinesemorphemesenjoymoreliberalbinationwithothermorphemestoestablishnewandmoreplicatedphrases.ButtheEnglishmorphemes,whenformingnewwords,orevenconductingdifferentgrammaticalfunctions,willfollowstrictrulesandeventakepletelynewforms.
Suchdifferencesinlexicalfeatureshavealsocausedgreattroubletotranslators.Actuallyintoomanycasestranslationisimpossible,andtheoriginalmeaningisonlypartlyconveyedviametaphororexplanationasnootheralternativeisavailableforsuchtranslation.
3.2.2.2SyntacticFeatures
WangYingthefamousprofessoroncesaidthatsomelinguisticslivelypareEnglishstructureas"grapestructure",forthetrunkofthegrapeisveryshortwithmanyfruitattachedonittoformverylongsentences.Differentfromthat,theChinesesentencesareshorterwithphrasesinsequentialorderbythemselvesjustlikethebamboojoints.SoChineseiscalled"bamboostructure".(HuWenzhong:xxx,2)
ThemostmonlyusedwordorderforEnglishisthestrictSVO.Englishsentencestakeverbsastheircores,whicharetheircentercontrollingalltherelationshipsbetweenthesentenceponents.Exceptthepredicateverballtheverbstaketheformofindefiniteformtomakedifferencefromthepredicateverb,andmanyprepositionsandconjunctionsareusedtoconnectthephrasescontained.ForChineseitusuallymakesgooduseofverbstogetherinonesentencetopresentthethingsonebyoneaccordingtothetimewhenthethingshappened.(ibid.57)
Structuralismlinguisticspromotesthetheoryofconstituentincision,whichmeanstoseparatethesentencestophraseunities.(ibid.31)Moreovertheyprefertheconstituentanalysis,whichmeanstoconnectallofthelanguageponentstootherswhentheyareanalyzed.ThiskindofmethodwillchangetheEnglishtotherecognizedobjectsfromstructures.AnEnglishsentenceonglobalenergysupplyreads:
S24a:Renewablesourcesthenwillhelptoaddressthesocialinequalityacrosstheg
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