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holderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers[B]theoldfirmownershadabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers
[C]thelimitedliabilitypaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly
[D]thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole
62.Theauthorismostcriticalof.
[A]familyfirmowners
[B]landowners
[C]managers
[D]shareholders
Passage4
WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica—breakthroughssuchasthetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine
Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools,alaborforcethatweledthenewtechnology,thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors,andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatial"thinkingaboutthingstechnological.
WhymentiontheelementaryschoolsBecausethankstotheseschoolsourearlymechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateandathomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.
AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducationaladvantage.AsamemberofaBritishmissionvisitingherein1853reported,"Withamindpreparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilledworkman."
Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatentsystemandforyearsranparallelwithit.Thisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventorsmedals,cashprizesandotherincentives.
本文来源 http://www.sxsky.net/xie/070113079.html
IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandattheindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothesefairstoadmirethenewmachinesandthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.
Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilytothatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFergusonhaspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguous
verbaldescriptions,theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess...Thedesignerandtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonotexist."
Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFultononcewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likeapoetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhichanewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."
Whenalltheseshapingforces—schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatialthinking—interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmericancharacteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeantafriendlybutpetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.
63.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasinalargepartdueto.
[A]elementaryschools
[B]enthusiasticworkers
[C]theattractivepremiumsystem
[D]aspecialwayofthinking
64.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics.
[A]benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge
[B]shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement
[C]wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining
[D]owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment
65.Atechnologistcanbeparedtoanartistbecause.
[A]theyarebothwinnersofawards
[B]theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking
[C]theybothabandonverbaldescription
[D]theybothusevariousinstruments
66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.
[A]InventiveMind
[B]EffectiveSchooling
[C]WaysofThinking
[D]OutpouringofInventions
Passage5
Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher'spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccoutofwhathappened."Scientific"creationism,whichisbeingpushedbysomefor"equaltime"intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregiven,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnon-fundamentalistreligiousleadershaveetoregard"scientific"creationismasbadscienceandbadreligion.
ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher'sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmayeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationisreligious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.
Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofda
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