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withtheearthwarming.Butforthefirsttimelessgreenvotersandbigbusinesshadaclearerideaaboutthe"extremeweatherevents"whoseincreasingfrequencyscientistshadbeentalkingabout.Thereareplentyofanecdotalsignsofchange:Britain'spro-businessConservativeshaveturnedgreen,AlGoreisbackinfashioninAmerica,hybridcarsnolongergetstaredat.[41]____________________.
Sofarthepoliticalrowsaboutglobalwarminghavecentredontwopolluters,smoggyfactoriesanddirtycars.[42]_______________________.
Insomeways,theairlinesareanoddtargetforgreens.Theyproduceonlyaround3%oftheworld'sman-madecarbonemissions.[43]_____________________.Byshippinghordesofordinarypeoplearoundtheglobefornotverymuchmoney,theyhaveimprovedthelivesofmillions.
[44]________________________.Airtransportwillsoonbecentral,notmarginal,totheemissionsissue.
What,ifanything,shouldbedoneAsusual,therearedangersonbothsides.Excessiveregulationwouldunnecessarilyrestrictindividualchoiceandthrottle(抑制)anindustrythatmakesbothrichandpoorcountriesbetteroff.Ontheotherhand,airlinesnolessthananyotherindustrymustpayforpollution.
[45]_________________________.And,althoughotherformsoftransportcannoteasilyreplaceflying,demandformanyflightsissensitivetoprice.Aquarterofflyingisbusiness-related,manyofthosejourneysareessential,butothersarescarcelymoreimportantthanatelephonecallorvideo-conference.
However,addressingindividuals'conscienceswon'tgothatfar.Airpollutionisacollectiveproblem,whichinthiscaserequiresachangeinpolicy.Asitstands,themarketisinfavourofairtravel,theaimshouldbetomakeitmorebalanced.Twoapproachesareonoffer.Somethinkthebestwaytolimitemissionsistotaxthem,othersargueforasystemthatsetsacaponpollution,andletspolluterstradetherighttoemit.
[A]Butthereisnosignofgovernmentsembracingthatidea.Giventhatitistheworld'sfirstseriousattempttocutemissionsinternationally,thatisnotsurprising.Theworldcanlearnfromitsimperfections,anddesignabetterschemeforairlines.
[B]Nowanewfrontisbeingopenedup—intheskies.NextmonththeEuropeanParliamentwillvoteonwhethertoextenditsemissions-tradingsystemtoairlines.Ifitdecidesinfavour,thewholeindustrywillfeeltheimpact,foritwillaffectnotjustEuropeanairlinesbutallthosethatflyintoandoutoftheEU.ButwhateverhappensintheEU,itseemsthattheairlinesareboundtofacedemandsthattheyshouldpayfortheiremissions.
[C]Slowly,businessmenandpoliticiansareingtoagreewithscientists.Ifthisgenerationdoesnottackleclimatechange,itsdescendantswillnotthinkmuchofit.Thatmeansraisingcostsforallsourcesofpollution.Eventhoseinexpensiveweekendbreakswillbecancelled.
[D]Asthedebategrows,someflyersmayreconsidertheirways.Putfrankly,airtravelmakesamockeryofmanypeople'sattemptstoliveagreenlife.Somebodywhowantstoreducehis"carbonfootprint"canbicycletowork,neverbuyaerosols(喷雾剂)andturnoffhisair-conditioner—andstillblowawayallthisvirtueonacoupleoflongflights.
[E]Companiesarebeginningtotakeactionsandencouraginggovernmentstodothesame.Europealreadyhasanemissions-tradingsystem(ETS)foritsfivedirtiestindustries.InAmerica,althoughtheBushadministrationstillresistsfederallegislation,moreandmorestatesdonot.
[F]Yetinotherways,airlinesareafinetarget.Theypaynotaxonfuelforinternationalflights,andthereforeescapethe"polluterpays"principle.Theiremissionsareespeciallydamaging,too.Andtheindustry'senergyconsumptionhasbeengrowingfasterthanthatofotherpollutingindustries.
[G]Surfacetransport,bycontrast,produces22%.Europe'smerchantshipsspewoutaroundathirdmorecarbonthanaircraftdo,andnobodyisgoingafterthem.Andunlikecars—potentsymbolsofindividualism(and,somewouldsay,individualselfishness)—airlinesarepublictransport,jamminginasmanypeopleastheycanintoeachplane.
PartC
Directions:
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
AFrenchman,thepsychologistAlfredBi,publishedthefirststandardizedtestofhumanintelligencein1905.(46)ButitwasanAmerican,LewisTerman,apsychologyprofessoratStanford,whothoughttodivideatesttaker's"mentalage,"asrevealedbythatscore,byhisorherbiologicalagetoderiveanumberthathecalled"IQ".Itwouldbehardtothinkofapop-scientificcoinagethathashadagreaterimpactonthewaypeoplethinkaboutthemselvesandothers.
(47)NocountryembracedtheIQmorethoroughlythantheU.S.,wheremill
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